Egyptian Bedouins :: essays research papers fc

The Life of the Egyptian BedouinsThe Bedouin people of Egypt can easily be described as a people with no place to gossip a home. Studying the Bedouins show that they have a deep and unique culture. They do not get involved in politics, and they live a belittled and modest life. The Bedouin Nomads of Egypt are predominantly Muslim. Therefore, their beliefs, practices and rituals will be the same as that of a common Muslim. I will discuss the doings of Muslims but more importantly, I will concentrate on the beliefs and other aspects that make the Bedouin people unique and different from other Muslims.In Islam, there is something known as the louvre pillars. These five pillars detail how to carry on your religious duty. The five pillars of Islam start off with the belief in the oneness of God and Muhammad as his prophet, as strong as belief in all other prophets before Muhammad. The next pillar is prayer. Prayer must be carried out five times a mean solar day. The first prayer ca lled Fagr (streak of light) must take place surrounded by when the first light of the day is seen until 1000 am. The second prayer called al-duhr (noon prayer) should be done between noon and the next prayer which is the asr (afternoon) prayer. The fourth prayer of the day is the Maghrib (sundown) prayer. The last prayer is called the Isha (night) prayer. If any prayer is missed at any time of the day for any reason, it can be made up at a later time. The next pillar of Islam is al-sowm (the fast). Muslims must fast during the Islamic month of Ramadan. Muslims contract in this practice in order to gain endurance and compassion for the poor. The fourth pillar of Islam is zakah (charity), every Muslim is asked to give a fraction of their coin to the poor. This fraction is usually a percentage of their wealth. The final pillar is the Hajj (journey to Mecca), a mature Muslim must visit Mecca in Saudi Arabia at least once in their life. A Muslim that visits Mecca seven times in their lifetime can visit the Dome of the sway is Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock is the second most holy place in the world for Muslims. Most reputable literature written on the Bedouins were written by anthropologists that have worn-out(a) time and traveled with them.

A Comparison of the Divided Self in Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein :: comparison compare contrast essays

Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein - Theme of the shared out self  Theme of the divided self in spite of appearance Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Thematically, the divided self is one of the most interesting themes within both novels and is of great importance to the development or ruin of the characters in both Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein. Both authors when generally exploring this theme focus upon the physical, mental or spiritual division within certain characters.   In Emily Brontes novel Wuthering Heights, the principal characters Cathy and Heathcliff are presented as needing this division within themselves to recognise their need for each other. This endurance of physical, mental and spiritual division whilst alive, allows them only tragically to experience when in death, complete entity within themselves.   Primarily Cathy is non depicted as divided instead, she is presented as belonging to a family unit, which seems to stay intact until the arrival of a gypsy brat. Although Heathcliff creates a divide within the family due to his arrival, Cathy is seen to chance upon a friend with whom she feels she has an affinity both physically, spiritually and mentally, which will become increasingly evident as the novel progresses. However, this alliance throughout the novel is a great deal thrown into turmoil by outside influences or factors. As we are informed from the onset, the greatest punishment that could be bestowed upon Cathy was separation from Heathcliff.   Cathy and Heathcliffs separation only wherefore ensues as a result of their initial outing to Thrushcross Grange. Their promise to grow up together as rude as savages, is destroyed when Cathy and Heathcliff are separated physically by many factors resulting from this visitation. Just as the Lintons dog holds Cathy, so too is the Lintons house symbolically presented as separating her from Heathcliff, when Heathcliff resorts to peering in through their great glass panes to see Cathy, later being physically dragged out of Thrushcross Grange.   Cathy is also depicted as physically separated from Heathcliff even when she returns to Wuthering Heights. Instead of a wild, hatless little savage with whom Heathcliff has an affinity with, she returns as a very dignified person. Heathcliff is now therefore separated physically from Cathy, not only by appearance but as he said in the previous chapter, her superiority to everybody, including him.   The presentation of Cathy and Heathcliff as physically divided is not only literally seen through the differing households but also through Cathys own actions and attire.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The ruddy LetterThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into symbolism. A fewof the symbols throughout are the Scarlet A embroidered on Hesters chest, theForrest (in the daytime), the Forrest (in the nighttime), the prison, the rose growingup by the prison wall and light and dark. Each of these has a certain significance. The A is the outbound symbol of Hester and Dimmsdales sin. It is thetangible, form of punishment. The thing that physically sets Hester apart. Thissymbolizes her sin and her punishment.The Forrest during the daytime is a symbol of beauty of freedom. While atnighttime it is the devils playground, symbolizing chaos and evil. The puritans feltthis way because they had no control over the Forrest and were thus threatened byit. The prison is yet another symbol of Hesters physical punishment andisolation from the world. She is cast out. No longer an accepted member of societyfor the crimes that she has committed. The prison is hard and cruel, it is also are flection of the ideals of the Puritan society. The rose shows the beauty that cangrow out of that harsh, ugliness. The rose is driblet. Light and darkness is used to show Dimmsdales guilt and his mentalanguish. He walks to the scaffold, questioning a confession at night in the darkness. Then blazes an meteor in the sky as if God himself were looking down and sayingto Dimmsdale, Almost, notwithstanding not quite.The author gives several lengthy, difficult descriptions in the beginning ofthe novel to set the harsh, Puritan tone of the novel. He says, The founder of anew colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originallyproject, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities toallot a portion of the virgin defacement as a cemetery, with this rule, it may safely beassumed that the forefathers of Boston had built the first prison-house gone wherein the vicinity of cornhill, almost as timely as they marked out the firstburial-ground , on Isaac Johnsons lot... (pg. 75). He uses very long, hard to readpassages to create a Puritan-esque feeling in the reader. Pearl is her mothers only treasure, bought with all she had. She is thesymbol of her guilt, and the price of her sin. Pearl is described as a sprite and anelf-child. She is lively, and spirited. She is a constant reminder to Dimmsdale ofhis mistakes, and the position that he has yet to be punished for them by the

Environmental conservation Essay -- essays research papers fc

An Environ amiable Conservationist, which is also known as a preservation scientist, is an excellent job for anyone who loves nature and wants to preserve all of earths vivid wonders. As a conservationist you need to, Find your own ways to make less trash, and help others to learn how to reduce, reuse, and recycle. (EPA). The job is a hands-on job which means spending a major portion of the workday alfresco without regard to weather. (Easton 35) Though this doesnt seem like a scientific job to most flock it is because it involves calculating the outcome of certain things on the environment.      The usance of this career is to protect the environment and the people and wildlife that live in it. The profession of environmental conservationist can be narrowed to certain fields. Some people specialize in land water or soil conservation. There are others who live for addressing environmental racism, or the tendency to condone poorer environmental conditions (haz ardous waste dumps, illegal/abandoned dumps) in areas populated mainly by people of color. (Morkes 187)     It is required that you at least have a bachelors degree to prevent this job. Many people have Masters as well. Generally, your pay depends on which degree you pretend. Those who held doctorates has an average pay of 52,162 dollars. Those who held their Berry 2doctorate in explore for this field had a higher salary which has a median of 61,451 dollars. In 2000, the median pay was $47,140 (Easton 90)     This is a career which is neither gender nor location specific. heap with this career tend to travel to where the problem areas are, which is why it isnt location specific. The problem areas depend on which field someone specializes in. Both men and women hold this job. There isnt a part of the job which requires either a male or a female to perform its task.      This job involves a jackpot of treating, teaching, listening, counseling, problem solving/creativity, designing, inventing, drawing/writing, and developing ideas or programs. (Easton 35) It obviously requires a lot of hands on work as well as mental work, which is demonstrated in the problem solving/creativity, designing, inventing Easton 35) In addition to the required hands-on work, this is not a job for someone who cann... ...bout the environment and about preserving our natural recourses. I feel especially strong about Environmental Racism because I feel it is something I have been subjected to all of my life. This is a job for me because I enjoy using things that the earth provides, like water and snow and I want to protect it because "there is a need to ensure that the cleanliness and environmental preventive are not compromised." (Manila Bulletin)Works Cited1. Easton, Thomas. Careers in Science. New York, NY The McGraw-Hill Companies      Inc. 20042. Environmental Conservationists. Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guide.      20033. Women and Work Fact Monster. 20002004 Pearson Education, publishing as      Fact Monster. 15 Dec. 2004 http//www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0906934.html. 4. join States Environmental Protection Agency. Solid Waste and Emergency response      (5305W). Washington September 2002. 5. DoT promotes environmental conservation in surfing tilt. Jaser A. Marasigan.Dec 15,      2004. http//www.mb.com.ph/TOUR2004121724655.html

Essay --

The Brain Pacemaker A New swear For Seizure PatientsMolly M. ManleySchoolcraft College The Brain Pacemaker A New Hope For Seizure PatientsTimes have certainly changed with the progression of technology and health care more specifically, with the advances in care for patients who suffer from epilepsy. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms resulting from abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. This activity results in an alteration in motor activity, sensation, sort or consciousness (Solomon, 2012). Over the years, medications have been discovered to help minimize the amount of seizures and/or the intensity of seizures in patients of all age ranges but not all medications are effective because of the variance in each persons genetic make-up. Although, when medication fails, and the seizures dont stop, thats when a California-based company, NeuroPace, rewrites the defend and future of patients with epilepsy.NeuroPace is res ponsible for the creation of the Responsive Neurotransmitter System (RNS) which d...

Essay --

The Brain Pacemaker A New Hope For Seizure Patients molly M. ManleySchoolcraft College The Brain Pacemaker A New Hope For Seizure PatientsTimes have certainly changed with the progression of technology and health care more specifically, with the advances in care for patients who suffer from epilepsy. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms resulting from abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal bodily function in the brain. This activity results in an alteration in motor activity, sensation, behavior or consciousness (Solomon, 2012). Over the years, medicinal drugs have been discovered to help minimize the amount of seizures and/or the specialty of seizures in patients of all age ranges but not all medications are effective because of the variance in each persons genetic make-up. Although, when medication fails, and the seizures dont stop, thats when a California-based company, NeuroPace, rewrites the present and future of patients with epilepsy. NeuroPace is responsible for the creation of the Responsive Neurotransmitter System (RNS) which d...

Gandhi’s Campaign Methods Essay

Its clear that Gandhis campaigns of non-cooperation and attending political meetings with high ranked British officials during the early 1930s, were hugely significant as they attach pull on the Raj, leaving the British with no other alternative than to collect concessions towards the nationalists. However, Purna Swaraj wasnt achieved by Gandhis campaigns in the 1930s, due to the limitations of his methods as he was unable to cooperate and negotiate with the British. Conversely, demands for nationalism increased across India and the British began to lose any moral authority they had over the Indians. Gandhis methods of non-violent, civil disobedience were hugely effective in turning many Indians against British rule, increasing demands for Purna Swaraj and attacking the measure revenue that the British relied on to survive within India. Source 1 is a declaration written by Gandhi, a speech in which was broadcasted on Independence Day.The symbolism of broadcasting this speech acr oss the whole of India on the 26th January 1930, shows Gandhis purpose of targeting the masses to enthuse them on a day of huge importance, to rise up against the inhuman rule theyre creation controlled under. Inhuman rule emphasises how the British were keeping the Indians in subordination within no care or consideration for the wellbeing of its subjects. This is witnessed with the tax that the British send on salt. sodium chloride is a necessity for any Indians health and survival due to living in such hot climates, so consequently, the British revenue increased as they knew every Indian had to purchase it in clubhouse to survive. However, Gandhi wanted to stop the payment of taxes without violence and thus, publicised the boycott of salt tax with his salt march on 12th March 1930. Initially, the British disregarded it and treat it as a joke, until it caught the attention of the worlds press as a pass on of Gandhi connecting with the supportive masses, and drawing in tens of thousands at prayer meetings and gatherings before the actual march.This contradicts the view of Lawrence James in source 3, who believes the Indians had never come close to toppling the Raj, as source 1 makes it limpid that the increasing animosity and non-payment of taxes, generated by Gandhi, concerned the British a great deal. Gandhi directly attacked the Raj as he declared it a crime to submit to its rule in hope he could connect with the Indians and encourage them to follow his lead. He successfully did this as a import of the Salt March. Although single 78 of his supporters followed him on the entire march, many other Indians got involved. On route of the march, many Indian officials resigned from their posts. Elsewhere, another march was organised in southern India were protests in Bombay, the North West Frontier Province and 2000 non-violent demonstrators at a salt production plant in Dharasana were attacked to the ground by police. This again is designate of the inhu man rule Gandhi speaks about in his declaration, and consequently shows why the British disconnected a lot of moral authority over the Indians.Source 2 explicitly shows that Gandhis non-violent campaign methods were effective at challenging the Raj and allowing them no other option that to begin making political concessions towards the activists. It adds a lot of angle to source 1 as it shows the effectiveness of Gandhis campaigns in relation to the British response. Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India at the time, recognised that political dialogue was the only way forward from the current position in 1931, due to the increasing hostility in India that was becoming a huge threat to the Empire. Consequently the Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on the 5th March 1931 which was an agreement between both Gandhi and Irwin. The most significant aspect of this wasnt the agreements themselves, which saw many political prisoners released, Indian officials reassigned and future political changes to be in the interest of India, but more so the fact that Gandhi was seen as an equal to a leading British official.This in itself unleashed hope that the British would start showing respect and help the Indians advance politically. Its clear from source 2 that Irwin showed some respect for Indians as he states that the ultimate purpose for India is not to be under perpetual subordination in the British Empire. This too conflicts with source 3 as it suggests the British nurse come to the realisation that they cannot hold on and control India forever, due to the increase in non-cooperation amongst the masses as a result of Gandhis campaigns and in the import of the second round table conference. This conference was held in Britain on 7th September 1931, which aimed to start negotiations towards Indians progression to self rule. However, it achieved nothing due to Gandhi demanding nothing slight than Purna Swaraj and thus blocked any further negotiations and progress for India. In addition to this, his arrogant approach in being the only representative to speak for every Indian angered many groups within the population, in particular the untouchables.Source 2 therefore shows that Gandhis campaign methods were limited, and only effective to a true extent. As this modern source was written by Tim Leadbitter, a writer for academic studies, we can trust that his view is objective. However, he does express his own mind when stating that Irwin rightly recognised the dangers of mass movements. This is unusual in textbooks which are used for academic purposes and could cause the reader to believe his opinion is rattling fact. Nevertheless, put in context its clear that the mass movements were a threat to the Raj and so followed awaited Government of India Act of 1935. The provisions of the act were too little too novel and although it provided Indians with provincial control, it achieved no advancement in central or higher administration, and the electorate was still less than 10% of the overall population. Congress did benefit hugely from the 1937 resource and in effect became the leading party in India which in turn caused resentment and anger from the Muslim League. By this time, Gandhi lost his campaigning momentum subsequently his arrest in 1931 however that is not to say the small but significant successes of the 1935 Government of India Act wasnt a result of Gandhis campaigning efforts.Source 3 contradicts the evidence in sources 1 and 2 and completely disregards any lack of progress being made by Gandhi and the Indian nationalists in the 1930s, with the non-violent campagns. It takes facts at face value as James takes a broad sweep over the British Empire. As a result, his account ignores the underlying pressures and Gandhis non-violent methods that challenged the British rule in India. James undermines Gandhis efforts by stating they never came close to toppling the Raj, therefore believing that the civil disobedience and non-co operation as a result of Gandhis campaigns, were too weak to put even the slightest dent in the British hold on India. However source 2 explicitly opposes this as the British Viceroy Lord Irwin recognises the need to show that the British are willing to help India progress politically, to prevent further unrest and mass movements witnessed after the Salt March.The resulting 1935 Government of India Act and 1937 elections werent direct results of Gandhis campaigning, however the small changes witnessed in Indians advancing in politics and having more say at provincial level, wouldnt have happened at all if it wasnt for the pressure Gandhi put on the Raj. Without his non-cooperation campaigns, the British wouldnt have felt the need to make any concessions at all towards Indians, but the fact remains that by 1939 Gandhis agenda of 1930 demanding Purna Swaraj hadnt been achieved. However, James is not completely oblivious to the pressure the Raj is under, as he states they can hold on i n an unconvincing tone. Its therefore apparent that if the Raj had to make the effort to hold on to their control, Gandhis campaigning efforts and mass movements are obviously causing them some concerns and mounting pressure, and so much have been effective to a certain extent.Lawrence James does actually give evidence to suggest that some Indians were actually content with British rule as he mentions the backing of an army of loyal sepoys, which the British utilize for general administration and control. However this alone doesnt hold any weight when confronted with conflicting evidence from sources 1 and 2. Its therefore undisputable that Gandhis non-violent campaign methods as mentioned in source 1 were hugely effective in amplifying the nationalism within India and thus rallying the masses in order to put strenuous pressure on the Raj as witnessed in source 2. It is apparent however that Gandhi became less influential after his arrest in 1931.His campaigns lost momentum and Con gress became machine that followed up the progress Gandhi had made prior to the 1935 Government of India Act. Source 2 therefore bares the most weight as it makes it explicit that Gandhis campaigning left the British with no other option than to proceed to make concessions towards the Indians, who where now actively pushing for future self governing. The British were then obliged to relinquish some power, and accept that there would be no going back to having complete perpetual control over the Indians.

The Museum of Fine Arts

The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston is an expansive collection of prowess and fraudifacts that span multiple cultures and historical periods, as well as art movements, from classical to modern. Since the focus of this class is Ancient Egypt through to the European Middle Ages these were the exhibits in which I was mostly interested during my visit. The museum itself has a much more vast focus, but there is a great deal of pieces that fit into the time periods of our course and it was fascinating to re completelyy see the cultural remnants of the people and historical periods which we atomic number 18 studying.My visit was really interesting because of how incredible the collections of the museum were. There was interesting ar devilrk from different cultures, similar their Asian collection, and of course the more modern pieces that really brought to return the changes in movements in art throughout time. There was not a guided tour that I was equal to(p) to participate in during m y visit, but I was able to do a self-guided tour throughout most of the museum and found the entire building to be easy to navigate and beautiful to the eye.The past art was the first stop on my tour of the museum because it is the first time period that we have studied. There was a lot of beautiful pieces found here, including pottery and early(a) cultural items, but some of the artifacts were much more beautiful and elaborate. There was a beautiful coffin of Osiris, that really had a lot of elaborate circumstance that made it come alive as an artifact. For me, the other artifacts that emphasized the gods, including a of sculpture of the god Thoth as a baboon and other Greek and Roman artifacts that all deal with deities, were an important lesson in how important it was to these groups of people.For them, the stories of their gods and goddesses were as connected with them and their world as they were. They saw their deities in nature around them and in their own homes. That is w hy the gods are felt everywhere in their artwork and why their stories are so well depicted. This, like this course, has given me a greater understanding of how the beliefs of ancient peoples is connected to their culture in a way that cannot be ignored, it was such a great force in their lives.The European exhibit was in two parts. There was the exhibit that dealt with Early Christian artwork, which transitioned from early to Renaissance and Baroque artwork. There is also another permanent exhibit called the Sarah Campbell Blaffer Collection. In these collections I was able to get another strong vision of what was important to the people who lived in the Middle Ages of Europe.The Early Christian artwork was very interesting as it, like the ancient work before it, shows the importance of faith to artists during the time in which it was created. One of the prize works of these collections is an ivory statue of God the Father that was awe-inspiring in its simplicity and its beauty. Th ere was also a gothic Virgin and Child sculpture that was created by Niclaus Weckman the Elder. Both of these items were beautiful and showed me how important the things were discipline in this course are to our understanding of the past. It was fascinating to see what we have learned come to life in the sculpture, artifacts, and paintings found at this museum.

Labor Practices Paper †Sweatshops Essay

Bridget PeacoIn several countries across the world, individuals argon being misused and mistreated on a regular basis by sweatshops and the people that run them. A sweatshop is a word used to define an operating atmosphere, generally factories producing textile products that are considered hazardous because of poor operating environments. It has been detect that employees that work at sweatshops often experience metal, physical, and sexual abuse, they work extensively long hours with being unable to leave, without health care clears while earning inadequate wages. These sweatshops are similarly found to employ women and children, as they are easier to manipulate. This ethical issue over sweatshops is a perplexing and long going corporate responsibility topic, among the backup world. Corporations are confronted with the ethical problem of obtaining the lowest prices from sellers so they can provide low-priced goods to their consumers while withstanding ethical standards and mainta ining a great public image. Is it ethical for businesses to benefit from employees that work in hazardous and undesirable conditions for little pay and long hours? It is of my conviction that corporations should not merely prioritize the number of their profits but also have a responsibility to humanity to perform in a socially responsible manner.Corporate social responsibility processes can be prosperous to the brand image of a corporation so being socially responsible does not have to work against the businesss commitment to its shareholders by changing a triple bottom line and contemplating the corporations economic, social, and environmental impact, an organization could successfully generate social benefits but it could also climb the companys public persona. Organizations can change how they do business while still performing well with planning and some proper actions establish on ethically made decisions. Mistreatment and neglect in sweatshops is a problem that has to be ad dressed. There has to be a balancing act, a way to go bad the environments for workers in clothing factories, in underdeveloped countries while maintaining low costs adequately enough that companies will continue to send jobs there, the greatest resolution could be unearthed.

Compare and Contrast Buddhism and Christianity Essay

People dumbfound believed many different things among the history. Some ancient populate believed the sun, fire, evil, god or gods, sculptures etc. And some of them non needed to believe in such things. The main reason they believe such that things is their weaknesses under the nature. They cannot understand the natural events and they think there must be a honorable power that controls the nature and the universe. These led people to believe in religions. There were many religions people believed in the history. Two of these are christianity and buddhism. They have different and similar features in them. We can compare and contrast them in different categories.Buddhism and Christianity are two of the worlds greatest and most influential religions. The Christian religion, like all early(a) religions has its strengths and weaknesses in our modern society. Perhaps the strengths out weight the weaknesses as this is one of the largest religions in the world. Hundreds of people follo w the Catholic/Christian religion yet still a greater number follow yet other religions. Perhaps this is because they see the weaknesses or perhaps it is just now because their parents have taught them that it is a sin to follow this religion. We define as Christian any person or group who thought luxurianty, sincerely, prayerfully regard themselves as Christian. This is the definition that pollsters use. However, it includes the full range of faith groups who consider themselves to be Christians, including Assemblies of God members, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Southern Baptists, United Church members, Jehovahs Witnesses, Mormons, etc.Many Christians have a much less inclusive definition of the term Christian. Buddhism is an offspring of Hinduism, and it is similar in many ways to Hinduism. It began in India in about the 6th degree centigrade B.C. and from there it spread throughout Asia. Today it is found mainly in Japan, China, and the Far East. Very few people in India itse lf are Buddhists today. The system was begun by Gautama Buddha. He was born about 563 B.C. and raised in a very wealthy family where he was protected from problems and suffering. Later he was exposed to suffering and became have-to doe with with the cause of it. At age 29 he left his wife and son to seek a solution.He tried and rejected both Hinduism and extreme self-deprival (asceticism). after(prenominal) 6 years of seeking, he arrived at the system that became Buddhism. He established an order of monks and one of nuns devoted to his plan ofovercoming suffering, then he spent the bear of his life as a wandering religious teacher.Buddhists do not share most of the core beliefs of historical Christianity. Buddhism does not completely reject the Hinduism Gods, it does not see them necessary. At the same time, Christianity has its one and only God, who comes in three faces, The Father, The Son and The Holy Spirit. The Christian go wrong, Jesus Christ was the Son of The Father, God , while the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama was a normal human being, who achieved enlightenment through meditation and later on was referred to as The Buddha. This brings us to the second major difference, the existence of the supernatural.Buddhism, Christianity and all of the other major world religions share a basic rule of behavior which governs how they are to treat others. Both of these religions are mostly accepted by people who are under pressure of the strong people.Buddhism worships either no god or else false gods. It teaches that man must save himself over a decimal point of many lives by human effort.The gospel provides the only true way to worship the only true God. It provides a way for man to be forgiven by the death of the Son of God who paid the penalty for our sins. To receive the benefit, we must trust Jesus and obey Him in this life. Then we have the hope of constant life.

How to Adjust a Trail Balance Essay

A trial parallelism is created by companies at the end of an accounting period. It contains a list of all accounts within an accounting system that be possessed of balances. Companies separate the accounts into different categories, which include assets, liabilities, equities, revenues and spendings. The accounts are listed in order, beginning with assets, and each includes a balance that is either a debit or credit. Asset and expense accounts have debit balances, while the other types have credit balances. Adjusting entries are do to certain accounts to bring their balances up to date. After adjusting entries are made, the trial balance is updated to an adjusted trial balance.Instructions1 Create a trial balance. Using the comp anys general ledger, transfer all accounts and balances onto a 10-tower worksheet. separately account name is listed first, followed by the balance in each. The first two columns of the worksheet are designated for the trial balance. The amounts are sepa rated by debits and credits. Total each column verifying that the amounts are equal.2 Determine what adjusting entries are needed. Adjusting entries typically are used for two different types of activities accrual and deferrals. Accruals are entries used to record a revenue or expense that has occurred but has not been posted yet. Deferrals refer to entries that have been made previously, but the amount of the meekness must be carve up between two or more periods.3 Adjust for accrual of expenses. Several common adjusting entries occur due to the accrual of expenses. According to Generally recognised Accounting Principles (GAAP), all expenses and revenues are to be recorded in the period in which they occur. For example, you must record interest expense for interest accrued on a business loan during the current period. To do this, a debit is posted to Interest Expense and a credit to Interest payable. Interest Payable is a liability account that represents interest that is accrued but is not paid yet.4 Adjust for accrual of revenues. Entries must also be made to update the amount of revenue earned for a period. For example, you must record interest earned on a note during the period it was earned, even though it was not received. To do this, a credit is made to Interest Receivable and a debit to Interest Revenue.5 Record adjustments for deferred expenses. A deferred expense entry is used when a accompany records a transaction in the past that must be updated now. For example, if an annual insurance policy was purchased and paid for, every month a portion of that prepaid insurance entry must be expensed out. The amount initially would be placed in an asset account called postpaid Insurance. Every month afterward a month of insurance is used, an adjusting entry is made by debiting Insurance Expense and crediting Prepaid Insurance.6 Record any deferred revenues. This entry occurs when money was received and posted to an Unearned Revenue account prior to it being earned. For example, if your company provides a service to another company and the company prepays for the service for a year, an entry is made. The amount was initially posted in a liability account called unearned revenue. At the end of each month, after a portion of the revenue is earned, an adjusting entry is made by debiting the Unearned Revenue account and crediting the Revenue account.

Gender Imbalance in Singapore Boardrooms Essay

The recent debate over the increasingly persistent issue of under-representation of women on boards in Singapore has shed light on the underlying problems in Singapores work sphere. While the country has evolved into a first-world economy, it has ironically and stubbornly retained the tradition of male-dominated upper-managementso much that a recent paper found it to be even behind less-developed economies in terms of the parcel of women holding directorships on the boards of listed companies. In Singapore, this phenomenon seems to be caused by the lose of pre be culture of female leaders, and the perception of females being suited to the domestic sphere rather than the office as well as of women being reticent, resulting in a general reluctance to appoint women onto boards.Currently, the pressing issue concerns the steps to be taken in response to this problem. Perhaps the most drastic of them would be the implementation of quotas, as adopted by various European countries (e.g. F rance, Italy and the Netherlands). The argument for this is that this creates an impetus to create diversity (Marleen Dieleman, NUS) and is crucial for progress, backed by statistics showing that companies with high percentages of females on their boards become indeed performed check in relation to their counterparts with lower percentages. Indeed, diversity is a crucial element for progress in todays globalized and fast-paced society the wider the variety of personalities within a companys workforce, the higher its likelihood of constantly developing innovative ideas and solutions, and hence the more victorious it becomes. The mix of personalities in any case enables it to consider and amalgamate a variety of viewpoints for every issue at hand, allowing it to come up with feasible solutions that appeal to multiple groups of people. disdain this, implementing quotas inevitably gives rise to a range of problems. Quotas fail to take into account the different needs of various sec tors for example, the nature of certain industries is such that there is intrinsicly a much higher percentage of males in relation to females, hence it is unless natural for company boards to consist mainly of males. Upsetting this balance volition only lead to in force, as talents may not be fully utilized as a result of such quotas. Economically wise, setting quotas would also upset the balance of demand and supply in the free market achieved by the invisible hand, causing a loss of societal welfare. Implementing a minimum percentage of females that is higher than the existing figure inevitably causes a surplus of jakesdidates vying for a fixed number of board positions, resulting in many existing dirty dogdidates inability to secure a position and hence giving rise to problems such as an inefficient allocation of jobs and possibly higher unemployment. This would be especially detrimental to Singapore as competition for jobs is already stiff imputable to its large labour forc e and small economy. Given its major limitations, quotas are only applicable to Singapore in the short run, and cannot be implemented as a permanent bankers bill.Another possible solution is for the government to come on automatic target-setting by companies, under the assumption that companies would take up the initiative and responsibility of implementing this measure. The idea is to cultivate incentive and instill the culture of appointing more females onto the board in the massive run. For example, the 30 per cent Club in the UKconsisting of a group of chairmen from prominent global companiesvoluntarily commits to bringing more women onto its companies boards with a self-declared target of 30 per cent, serving as a concrete example that companies with more women on their boards are still able to perform well financially. Such a measure would be both beneficial and sustainable in the long run, as it allows companies themselves to realize the benefits of appointing more female leaders, thus instilling initiative in them to preserve doing so, rather than forcing them to do so via the implementation of quotas.However, statistics seem to indicate that Singapore lacks the culture of appointing women to leadership positionsthe percentage of females on executive boards have consistently remained under 7% over the years, despite females making up over 40% of the workforce since 2001. Rather, the stereotype of women as domestic homemakers still prevailsa recent study found that the 3 organisations (out of 65) that have at least half of their boardrooms made up of female directors are under industries traditionally dominated by females due to their characteristic of caretaking. Given local circumstances, implementing the policy of voluntary target-setting would be rather ineffective, as no company would take up the initiative to change its inherent mindset and practice.Hence, while the policy is ideal, it is not yet ingrained in Singapores culture and needs to be cultivated in the long run. In this case, temporary quotas of around 15% should be imposed temporarily to kick start the system thereafter, assuming that research proves true and companies start playing better under a higher percentage of female board directors, they would then be automatically motivated to keep up this practice in order to achieve even better results in the future. At the same time, additional measures should be implemented to minimize the problems of self-efficacy common amongst women in general. Studies have shown women to be naturally more reserved and reticent than their male counterparts and are thus less likely to apply for or get appointed to leadership positions.Nevertheless, studies have also shown that extraversion is a characteristic that can be trained and adopted at any point in ones emotional state hence, the solution to this problem lies in grooming women to be more effective leadersfor example, letting experienced directors take them under thei r wings. This would allow women to be better equipped for leadership positions and also cause companies to be more willing to appoint them onto boards, thereby developing a culture of a higher percentage of women heading executive boards in Singapore. While there is a possibility of the unwillingness of experienced directors to take on such a responsibility, the government can introduce incentives (such as monetary compensation) to effectively induce initiative in these directors.In conclusion, in order for the issue to be solved in Singapore, a long-term mindset change must be implemented. Quotas can be used as a catalyst to start the ball rolling however, it can only ever be a short-term measure as it will inevitably lead to inefficiency and dissent in the long term. Thereafter, the government should encourage voluntary target-setting by companies, coupled with additional measures to ensure that women are well-trained to be effective leaders, thereby enabling women to be sufficien tly represented while maintaining the efficiency of companies.

Teh Hong Piow Leadership

Section C creation Bank 1a) Portfolio Performance Holding menstruation come HPR = goal Price-Beginning PriceBeginning Price+Cash Dividend ? coke% =RM15. 50-RM 15. 32RM 15. 32+0 ? deoxycytidine monophosphate% =1. 17% b) commercialize Performance Market Performance MP =Ending Index-Beginning IndexBeginning Index? 100% =1669. 40-1654. 041654. 04? 100% =0. 927% Axiata Group 1a) Portfolio Performance Holding Period Return HPR =Ending Price-Beginning PriceBeginning Price+Cash Dividend ? 100% =RM6. 00-RM 5. 83RM 5. 83+0 ? 100% =2. 92% b) Market Performance Market Performance MP =Ending Index-Beginning IndexBeginning Index? 100% =1669. 0-1654. 041654. 04? 100% =0. 927% Nestle (M) Bhd 1a) Portfolio Performance Holding Period Return HPR =Ending Price-Beginning PriceBeginning Price+Cash Dividend ? 100% =RM63. 10-RM 59. 00RM 59. 00+0 ? 100% =6. 95% b) Market Performance Market Performance MP =Ending Index-Beginning IndexBeginning Index? 100% =1669. 40-1654. 041654. 04? 100% =0. 927% Sectio n D Public Bank a) The portfolio public presentation of Public Bank is better as compared to the market performance. The HPR of Pubic Bank is high than the soft touch performance, which is 1. 17% as compared to market performance which is only 0. 927%. b) ) Public Bank is a well reputed and well-known keep troupe for its prudent management, excellence services, salutary profitability, strong corporate culture and corporate governance. It is currently a leading provider of pecuniary services in Malaysia. It also provides bank operations in Hong Kong, Combodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka. Public Bank had performed well in the market share in year 2011. The overall ratio in the market share in year 2011 is higher than the year 2010. According to the sustainability profit growth of Public bank, it has stronger performance in year 2011 than in year 2010.Moreover, the net income of Public Bank Group had increase by 8. 3% from RM6,838. 5 one million million in 2010 to RM7,408. 6 mi llion in 2011. In addition, it has a steady asset growth from year 2010 to 2011. Its financial report encouraged us to invest in the company as it has a steady growth and lower risk. During the subsequent to the financial year end, which is on 30th January 2012, directors of Public Bank had declared a second interim single tier dividend of 28%, with the amount of RM980,596,036 in the current year. According to the fall upon statistic of Public Bank in dividend growth, it enceinte 0. 3% in 5 years. It gives confidence to us for investing in this company for its stable growth in the economic. spring Annual Report (2011). Public Bank. Retrieved from http//announcements. bursamalaysia. com/EDMS/subweb. nsf/7f04516f8098680348256c6f0017a6bf/bd33262bdcaa8fc1482579ad00116c90/$FILE/PBBANK-FinancialStatements%20(971MB). pdf Source Annual Report (2011). Public Bank. Retrieved from http//announcements. bursamalaysia. com/EDMS/subweb. nsf/7f04516f8098680348256c6f0017a6bf/bd33262bdcaa8fc148257 9ad00116c90/$FILE/PBBANK-FinancialStatements%20(971MB). pdf Source The Star Online (2013).Public Bank Bhd. Retrieved on eighth January 2013 from http//biz. thestar. com. my/marketwatch/charts/l. asp? code=1295PBBANK&p1=16. 18&p2=16. 16&p3=16. 22&p4=16. 1&p5=16. 18&p6=0&p7=0. 00&p8=46667&p9=14. 545 Axiata Group a) The portfolio performance of Axiata Group is relatively in good performance as compared to the market performance. The HPR of Axiata Group is 2. 92%, which is higher than the Market Performance of only 0. 927%. b) c) Axiata Group Berhad is an investment holding company which provides communication and consultancy services.It offers mobile telecommunication, interconnect, television transmission and other services. It also dealing of marketable securities, trading and distribution of communication devices and its related products. According to the details, it was founded in 1992 and as on 23rd may 2012, the company has approximately 190 million mobile subscribers in Asia. According to the financial results of Axiata Group Bhd in the last four years, which is from year 2007 to 2011, the revenue of the company grew to the tune of 60%. Their profits almost doubled for these four years.The company had a very good performance which attracted us to invest in the company. On the other hand, the cash position of the company had increased from RM6. 3 cardinal to RM6. 6 billion and the ROIC improved from 11. 8% to 12. 2%. Moreover, the diversification of the company grown with further progress with 56% of revenue generated outside of the Malaysia. According to the Axiata Group Bhd annual report 2011, the Groups total subscriber base expand to around 200 million, increase 25% from a year ago and growing an average of 3. 3 million per month.These made the Group one of the largest telecommunications companies in the region. The Group shows a positive data trends and performance throughout the countries in Malaysia and overseas. This gives us greater confidence i n investing in the company, which given us lower risk to invest. According to the performance highlight in the past four year of the Group, which is from 2008 to 2011, the graph relatively shows increasing in the operating revenue, EBITDA, PAT, NORMALISED PATAMI, POIC and SUBSCRIBERS. It shows that the company has reater performance in year 2011, and we believe that the company will show strong performance in year 2012, and whence, we decided to invest in the company. Source Annual Report(2011). Axiata Group Bhd. Retrieved on 8th January 2013 from http//axiata. listedcompany. com/misc/ar2011. pdf Nestle (M) Bhd a) The Portfolio Performance of Nestle (M) Bhd is performing well as compared to the Market Performance. The HPR of the Nestle (M) Bhd is 6. 95%, as compared to the Market Performance of only 0. 927%. It is relatively having high performance in the market. b) ) Nestle Malaysia Bhd is a leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company in the region. It grown to be the wor lds largest good company which offering more than 8,500 brands and 10,000 products. It also has more than 456 factories over 80 countries and more than 283,000 employees. Nestle Malaysia Bhd has encountered turnover of RM1. 16 billion in Quarter 1 in 2012, which is 8. 5% higher than the previous corresponding period. In the first quarter of 2012, Nestle Malaysia Bhd had good growth performance in both domestic and export sales. It also has increased profit before tax of RM206. million and profit after tax of RM158. 1 million which grew by 8. 2% and 7. 4% respectively compared to the previous period. Moreover, despite exports its products across the globes the Group has successfully exports more than half of its products to ASEAN region. The stable performance of the company attracted us to invest in the company although the price is high. In addition, the company also introduced new products to the market, which these products will directly affect the strong demand of the domestic a nd hence affect the economic performance of the company.Moreover, the sustained economic growth of overseas countries, encouraged the performance of export sales, and increased the sales of 18% to inter-market customers. It is relatively a trusted brand to the Malaysian, where it is well-known of its healthy nutrition drinks. On the other hand, Nestle (M) Bhd also launched the Nestle Project Rilead in October 2011, where it aims to create a embellish for people, nature and agriculture can co-exist harmoniously in their need for water. This project will give an initiative of seeing the reforestation of the land. This relatively giving us good image on the

Exploratory Research Assignment Essay

Canadians first choice for an alcoholic beverage? Beer. Not only when is beer a refreshing beverage on a hot, sunny day, it plays a big part in the Canadian heritage. The oerall beer aspiration over the years has been steady, however with increased competition, it is becoming harder for Canadian breweries to keep up with merchandise propensitys. Hence, all the major Canadian breweries have been merged with or acquired by the external giants. The competition is rising not only between beer brands, but also within beverage types. Wine consumption in Canada has been increasing substantially.Consumers argon always looking for something new and exciting, but at the same time, something they can relate to. A mark point for success is to bring note while still retaining a recognizable and familiar verbal expression(t). Another obstacle the create from raw stuff industry is facing is the wrong perception consumers have about beer and its core group on weight and overall wellness. Beer belly, for example is just a myth. It is vital for companies to educate consumers about the true nutritional value of beer to avoid wrong perceptions and lose consumers to other beverages that seem more calories cautious.enquiry Objective This report outlines authoritative trends as well as opportunities and threats to the Canadian Brewing Industry. The results were interpreted ground on the research conducted on the three major brewing companies Heineken N. V. , Sleeman Brewery Ltd. , and Molson Coors Brewing Co. We identified and comp bed these breweries in name of the background, consumers opinions and strategical issues the companies are trustworthyly facing. Finally, the recommendations provided outline the possibilities for improvement and growth of the industry if the appropriate changes are under carry awayn.Research Method This research was conducted based on North American population through trend analysis. The articles were chosen based on relevancy and the da te of publication, 2008 and above. The main areas of research were history of the company, social media impact, strategic issues and opportunities. The focus was on the most recent news and events that affected the company as well as the entire industry. Company Information Heineken N. V. was founded in 1873 in Netherlands and has become the worlds most international brewer (Heineken, 2013).It operates in Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East, The Americas, and Asia Pacific. The company is keen on modify to a sustainable future. Their strategy is based on the four focus areas conserving water, decreasing CO2 emissions, accountable agriculture, and responsible consumption. Heineken also believes that innovation is key to future success. The Heineken Ignite beer bottle is their new invention. It is replete with LEDs and social movement sensors, which let it light up with various effects when drinkers knock bottles to say cheers with someone or take a sip.The LEDs could also be synchronized with music and activated by light sources. (d) Founded in Guelph, Ontario in 1834, Sleeman Breweries Ltd. became a leading brewer and distributor of premium beer in Canada. (b) Their success came from turn-of-the-century beer recipes and the passion that continues to drive back the company to this day. Sleemans trademark is their unique clear bottle. In the recent lawsuit against Dead batrachian Brewery that uses a similar clear bottle design, John Sleeman, CEO, said Sleeman will always vigorously celebrate its trademarks, especially where my familys heritage is concerned. (c) Sleeman Breweries Ltd. was bought out by Sapporo in 2006, however the Japanese firm unp confuseded the Sleeman name and business intact because of the intrinsic value that it holds. (e) Molson Inc. is the oldest brewery in North America, established in 1786(a). In 1978, the company bought into sports and entertainment industry, purchasing a share in the Montreal Can adiens and the Montreal Forum, as well as hosting Molson ice field hockey Night in Canada(a).Their advertising campaign has always been based on the beer-sports connection, trying to establish that beer and hockey are two defining elements of the Canadian identity. (f) After merging with Coors, Molson Coors Brewing Co. became 5th largest brewer in the world. Below is a comparison table of the three above-mentioned companies, in terms of 2012 sales, place of origin, current position in the market, types of beer offered in Canada, sports associations, and company slogans.Heineken is the most known international beer brand, when in doubt, order a Heineken. But the recent feedback from the consumers shows that Heineken is over-rated. Its characteristic skunky taste is the result of the green bottles its served in. The UV rays run down the hop compounds, which is why the beer tastes different when served from the bottle compared to tap. Heineken however is not ready to let go of their notorious green bottles since that would make it harder to identify the beer, which in turn will hurt the companys bottom line.Sleeman is known for its flavorful body and clean taste (no skunkiness). Some find it too sweet, others wassail it. The benefit that Sleeman has over its competitors is that is offers different types of craft beer that other breweries dont. From fruity India Pale Ale to chocolaty Fine Porter, Sleeman wants to perform a long lasting relationship with those, who have an detention for beer. However, Sleeman is not as active in the Social Media world as Heineken and Molson are with their catchy commercials and Facebook pages. Molson Canadian was voted 2 in AskMen, mens online magazine.Be it a hockey game, a backyard bbq or a camping trip, Molson Canadian is what the young times automatically reaches for, due to Molsons heavy advertising that incorporates those themes. Camping essentials. Lots of firewood and Molson Canadian- was posted on Twitter along with a picture of a truck loaded with firewood and cases of Molson Canadian. Key trends, opportunities and threats Although beer continues to dominate the market of alcoholic beverages, (c)beer consumption is declining in the U. S. and Europe, the source of two-thirds of Heinekens profits, because of tougher drunk-driving laws and a growing appreciation for wine.The situation is that beer is not seen as a fancy drink that you indulge in, it is time to change that. Companies must protrude educating consumers about the differences between various types of beer, beer and food pairings, in order to create a better appreciation for the beverage. Another obstacle the brewing industry has to overcome is the beer belly myth. Consumers are becoming more health cautious and many believe that beer is detrimental to weight loss and health in general. The fact is, beer is fat-free, cholesterol-free and low in carbohydrates.Beer is made from hops, barley and wheat, so the beverage contains many nutr ients such are vitamins A, C B6, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, zinc, iron, and calcium. Beer also contains antioxidants and is high in fiber. Those who choose lighter beers in entrusts of reducing their caloric intake, are also scatty out on all the nutrients the beer holds. Drinking beer in moderation also reduces the risk of heart illness and stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, bone fractures and osteoporosis, kidney stones, digestive ailments, gallstones, and physical ailments affecting the elderly.Beer can be part of a equilibrize diet and a healthy, active lifestyle. The key is moderation. (brewers association One of the big trends for summer 2013 is light and flavored beer with the hope to appeal more to women, and Molson Canadian is on top of it. Their new line of beer, Molson Wheat, is made with all-natural ingredients the unfiltered wheat lager delivers a hint of malt, balanced by the fruity character of just-ripened bananas. Molson is also going to introduc e Molson Canadian Cider made from 100% Canadian apples and champagne yeast.On the other spectrum, craft beer is also the grade that will experience growth, thus Sleeman should undergo a positive turnaround in the near future. The current debate over wider retail distribution of alcoholic beverages is becoming more evident, and more changes and pilot programs are being tested to potentially expand product availability beyond liquor stores. In 2013, the country of Ontario the largest alcoholic drinks market in Canada will become LCBO or Liquor Control Board of Ontario submit stores-within-stores at 10 grocery supermarkets.The Manitoba Liquor Control Commission has also been testing the Liquor market place Express store within a Canada Safeway supermarket in Winnipeg as of 2012 (Euromonitor International, 2013). Wider retail distribution will unquestionably create more opportunities for product market and retailer distribution, potentially giving more opportunities for smaller local wineries, breweries and distilleries to bring their products to the market (Euromonitor International, 2013) Study Implications and RecommendationsThere are four main concepts derived from this research * Perception of beer * health implications * Competition * Innovation In order to stay competitive, the above 4 concepts must be exercised interchangeably. The brewing industry has a lot of room for improvement and growth. The improvement must begin from changing the consumers post about beer in order to create a lasting relationship. An ongoing education about beer and beer consumption is also something that can change consumers perceptions and preferences.In order to stay competitive, one must bring differentiation while still retaining a recognizable and familiar aspect(t). Social Media is a powerful instrument that must be utilized in order to reach consumers as well as to square off about consumer behavior and generate feedback. Study Limitations and Directions for Fut ure Research I found the most conceivable sources were the companys websites, Business and Company Resoucre Centre and Global Market Information Database (GMID).The least(prenominal) presumptive was Wikipedia (was not included in this research paper) since some of the information was not accurate and up do date. Canadian Business and Current Affairs, I found to be the least up to date and least helpful. There is much more research that could be conducted in regards to this topic- alcohol regulation, exporting tariffs, cross marketing strategies, etc. The above research should be used as a foundation for the in abstruseness analysis of the brewing industry of Canada.

The Uses And Gratification Theory Education Essay

In the past, multitude around the universe put ond a sort of divergent ways to pass on and mown(prenominal)tain in touch with separately former(a). However, the turning of profits techno put downy has re specify the ways of human communication and fundamental action. Modern communicating engineerings much(prenominal)(prenominal) as nomadic ph unity, instant(a) messaging, electronic mail, social weather vane established the communicating web around the universe. Social Networking rates deal Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and B poundspot has been the cogitation of intervention among the society ( Pasek, 2009 ) .In this context, Facebook faecal matter be briefly defined as a societal networking site that provide the officers an on-line computer programme to make profiles, generate and portion reading and content, and h matureing moveion with new(prenominal) contacts ( Boyd and Ellison, 2007 ) . Since the establishing of Facebook on 2004, it has attracted 1000000s of subr outiners and many of whom switch integrated it into their periodic patterns ( Kazeniac, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Facebook Statistics ( 2012 ) , thither atomic number 18 over 955 meg active drug social occasionrs on Facebook that spend an norm much than 6 hours on the site comparison as there ar merely 300 million active spendrs in 2009. The rapid alteration of the Facebook has shown the change magnitude in development and prevalentity in the past few overaged progresss.For case, Facebook has get a new phenomenon and aspiration that taking extensively popularity from all coevalss of tribe ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Rouis ( 2012 ) , the societal site ilk Facebook has make an addiction for many and it has brought issuingant trespass to their relationships, occupations, and normal day-to-day life. It allots the wontrs to continuously maintain in touch with their star sign and friends with no geographically constrained every bit long as th ere is internet handiness. Facebook has ultimately brought greater societal integrating among people from assorted civilizations and backgrounds. Users can update and uninterrupted exchange the information as they interact with people from all over the universe.As ab initio, Facebook is created by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 for Havard s college educatees to pass on, portion instruction information and socialisation within the university ( Calvi, 2010 ) . The popularity of Facebook is turning quickly in this recent twelvemonth special in the younger coevals. Finally, Facebook it egotism has contractd huge enlargement among college young soulfulness scholarly persons, with 95 % of 18 and 19 old ages old experience Facebook profiles ( metalworker & A Caruso, 2010 ) .1.2 Research ProblemToday, Facebook has reli commensurate overwhelmed figure from all ages of people that participate in this societal weapons platform. Student s presence on Facebook has become a societal argument in the society ( Ellision et al. , 2007 ) . As a case in today, college scholarly persons oblige been rated as the most active social functionrs in Facebook. The two most common treatment of Facebook calls among college scholarly persons ar socialisation and instruction designings. First, Facebook is able to offer a platform for college pupils to sociali chant, communicate and keep relationships with friends ( Science Daily, 2011 ) . In an otherwise facet, Facebook has been set forth as sound tools when came to schoolman treatment. College pupils frequently lend oneself Facebook to discourse their assignments or prep. It involves shargon of their intellections among the group treatment. Harmonizing to Ophus and Abbitt ( 2009 ) discuss that Facebook was most often apply by the pupil when comes to communicating with friends. Therefore, Facebook can descry as an effectual donnishianianianian acquisition tools if they utilize the utilise of Facebook amidst social ising and academic intent.However, other exploratory surveies render shown that the presence of Facebook has brings violation on an genius familiar giftations and productiveness on parturiency ( Karpsinki and Duberstein, 2009 ) . It is believes that long hours pass on Facebook is able to harmful to pupils academic everyday presentations. Harmonizing to Schulten ( 2009 ) , pupils exhausted norm of 30-40 proceedingss per cardinal hours in surfing Facebook and do several update and visits a twenty-four hours. Some of the deal in addition found out that pupils spend up 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook which reck iodind their proper day-to-day modus operandi ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In peculiar, a re idea shows that college pupils are the chief Facebook intentrs who spend long hours which has cause their parents and instruction establishments worried on their academic mankind presentations ( Rouis, 2012 ) . However, on the pupils perspective themselves argue that Faceboo k as a leisure activity leave non impact on their academic attempt ( Rouis, 2012 ) .In pronounce to understand the impact of Facebook use towards the pupil s academic cosmos presentations, this see aims to snap on the position of the beginning itself which are pupils. varied people may hold discordent perceptual experiences on the Facebook use and their turn out. The general feeling asserts that Facebook use is able conveying prohibit impact on pupils peculiar in their academic public presentations. Therefore, by look oning the pursue on the perceptual experience of pupils are able to find the relationship between Facebook use and academic public presentation.AimsThe chief aim of this survey is purposes to look into the perceptual experience of Malaysian College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. In add-on, 3 sub-objectives have constructed in order to light upon the chief aims for this survey. First is to analyze the mind of Malay an college pupils on their Facebook use. Second is to analyze whether Malayan college pupils sensed Facebook use allow foring impact their exam takingss. Last is to analyze what are the sensed effects of Facebook use towards their general academic public presentations.1.4 Research QuestionsThe aims of the survey are aims to reply the undermenti id inquiry What is the perceptual experience of Malayan College pupil towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation?1.5 Significance of surveyThis survey attempts to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan college pupils towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. Although many surveies have been through with(p) by the old bookmans and look for workers, cultural features are changing across the states. Malaysia is a multicultural and racial state which the result might unalike comparison to the other cultural context. Social Networking sites are considered as a multiple dimensions that can be studi ed glossinessed assorted positions. However, there has up to nowtually merely small interrogation has been done sing perceptual experience of Facebook use in Malayan college pupils. Therefore, this inquiry survey is purposes to research the perceptual experience of these pupils are the get downing tear on bring outing the relationship between Facebook use and academic public presentation specific in Malaysia context. It besides leave behinds the future treatment on possible causes and effects of the academic public presentations particular relate to the societal networking. The survey is able to put up the part and mentions for geographic expedition and in-depth surveies in the hereafter when it comes to Facebook use in academic public presentations.1.6 DefinitionsIn the undermentioned subsection, definition of particular term has been developed in this survey. It was say that the survey chiefly focused on the pupils on the college spot. Therefore in this survey, the Mal ayan College Student has been the defined as the pupils soon en drifted in any in any public or private college establishments in Malaysia.For the intents of this survey, Facebook use has been defined as to what extent of the battle newspaper nipping and attempt pupils invest in the Facebook. Thus, the thought covered includes the consciousness of the college pupils on the day-to-day clip spent, channel or medium, locales and intents in utilizing Facebook.Percept in here refers as the position and the sen mnt of the answerers on the issues. The position can be found on cocksure, negative or impersonal result. The measuring for the perceptual experience pass on be based on 5 Likert Scale rating system.Since one of the aims of this survey is to analyze the perceptual experience of the college pupils towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation, the academic public presentation is measured by the scrutinies or any appraisal from the college. The measuring go out b e based on the non merely the GPA but besides the college assignment, engagement and the attending of the pupils in household. However, the perceptual experience towards impact of Facebook use may mention to the possible result that can be either positive or negative ( Ahmed & A Qazi, 2011 ) .1.7 DrumheadThis chapter outlined the background of the survey country, research job, nonsubjective, significance survey and operational definition as an introductory chapter to this survey. Traveling on to avocation chapter Literature reappraisal allow for get down by presenting the general position of societal networking sites and Facebook to supply a notional foundation to the undermentioned treatment. In add-on in the chapter, uses and merriments theory has been discussed in order to supply the apprehension on the chief aims in this survey.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature ReviewSocial Networking SitesSocial networking site ( SNS ) is a type of web based applications tha t provide users to build a profile for angiotensin-converting enzyme or public utilizations and to make a web that portion connexion with other users. In other words, it is a platform that allows the user to hold personal interaction and set up inter bondedness with other users. The user is able to add the other contacts and position other user s contacts and information in retort ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008, p. 211 ) .In fact, societal networking sites began in 1997 along with the launching of Six classs.com. The intent is to let the users to make profiles and connect with each other through the Friends list ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008, p. 214 ) . Social Networking sites have under rapid increment in the past few old ages ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008 ) . Social networking sites has became a phenomenon as it has attracted 1000000s user in recent old ages ( Rouis, 2012 ) .Therefore, Karspinski & A Dubeistin ( 2007 ) found that the figure type of societal networking sites are change mag nitude such as electronic mail, web lumbers, societal media like Youtube and Flickr and besides video conferencing like Skype. These tools have become the platform for societal interaction where people can portion and state narratives or information and interact among each other ( Eyrich, 2008 ) . Social networking sites allows the user discuss any subject of issues at any point of clip and location.Basically, the users are free to print show their sentiment without any limitations. The information that has been published will be spread around the universe in a affair of proceedingss. to a greater extent and more people have chosen to socialise in the online societal web comparison to the others societal activities ( Pasek, 2009 ) . Therefore, societal web as other signifier of mass media has ultimately redefined boilersuit human communications procedure. It has changes the functions one expressive style communications traditional media such as telecasting, wireless and films ( U rista & A Dong, 2008 ) . Users are able to expose to these media as it has been provided as portion of societal networking sites services.Therefore, societal networking sites are so accessible and effectual which many greenish people today use this platform to pass on and show themselves. Therefore, the figure of users have importeeantly increase specific in the younger coevalss.FacebookSocial networking has finally become a new phenomenon in this upstart society. This survey focuses merely one particular of societal networking site that is Facebook. In fact, Facebook by far is one of the web site that contributed SNSs into the new phenomenon in the society ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008 ) . Facebook as one of the most popular SNS, grow three times more on the twelvemonth 2008 comparison to the past three old ages which from 90 to 120 million users.Facebook is besides among the most popular societal networking sites due to its alone characteristics that allow the users to custom-make their interface profile and content. It provides the broad diverseness of tools for the users to pass on among each others. The users able to interact and interchange content, illustration they portion picture and image, discuss topics, chat, publish advertizement for group so farts, or mold available applications ( Safko & A Brake, 2009 Westlake, 2008 ) . Finally, the popularity of the Facebook has developed its really ain subculture ( Westlake, 2008 ) .Facebook has gain popularity among the coevals Y which are the people born after 1980 ( Rois, 2012 ) . These coevalss grew up in the modern engineering universe and normally trust it to realize their undertaking. In fact, most of this coevals possessed their ain Facebook history comparison to the other coevals ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008 ) . This coevals prefer on to pass on through online based engineering like Facebook kind of through face to confront communicating.In fact, the impact of Facebook has non merely changed the man ner the users interact with each other but besides the besides the boilers suit media ingestion behavior ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008 ) . Haythronwaite ( 2005 ) explains that the Facebook non merely able allow person to makes new friend but besides to enable the users to determine and develop their ain individuality.To summarize, Facebook is a taking societal networking sites that provides a broad diverseness of characteristics for to users and make their ain content and communicate to their friends. Facebook is and so seen as a new phenomenon in the society. The treatment of Facebook will lend to the undermentioned lit reappraisal.The Uses and felicity TheorySheldon ( 2007 ) defined this theory as different people use the media for different intents. It is normally affected by single ends, demand and desire. In other word, the people used media for their ain benefits. This theory provides us an implicit in(predicate) in psycho logical communicating position on how the persons use mass media to carry through their demands and desire.Katz et Al. ( 1974 ) explained that louvre premises of the utilizations and satisfactions theory. In fact, under the first premise of this theory describes that media users are active and end oriented. The intent of utilizing media is to carry through their demand ( E. Rossi, 2002 ) . In the context, Facebook is discussed as the persons motivations to socialise with others. Facebook is able to fulfill the persons interpersonal communicating through the characteristics available in the platforms ( Sheldon, 2008 ) . It was besides noted that Facebook is able to associate the users to those who portion the equivalent involvements with them and so to further relationship with others ( Ellison, 2007 ) .In the past, people have used a face to confront communicating and besides one manner communicating mass media such as telecasting, wireless and films to carry through their different type of demands and desires. Sheldon ( 2008 ) explained the societal networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Blogger are used at the same time by the persons to carry through their societal demands on amusement, information and recreation. Social networking sites are able to relate assortment of these demands in on cardinal location. The developments of societal networking sites have provided the persons to fulfill their cognitive and affectional demands. Therefore, societal networking sites have became a popular ways to convey satisfaction in term of demands and desires for an person.Facebook use on college pupilThe old element fundamentally described the functions and maps of societal networking sites and Facebook. Then, the farther treatment has been include to understand the utilizations of satisfaction in these new phenomenons. This subdivision will supply penetration of the Facebook use on the college pupils.Modern engineering communicating has bought the societal web such as Facebook to go one of the most of imp ort tools to connection and portion information to friends. Approximately 50 % the users in Facebook are fundamentally the population from the coevals Y which the ages range between 18 and 34 old ages ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008 ) . Hepburn ( 2011 ) found that 48 % of people age ranges between 18 to 34 look into their Facebook right after the aftermath up in the sunup while 28 % cheque in earlier go to bed. The figure of users in Facebook have been increasing really rapidly peculiar among the undergraduate pupils age scope between 18 -24, which are high than any other age group ( Eldon, 2011 ) . These populations tend to pass a batch of clip in the societal media and log on to the site every twenty-four hours amounted to about double than any other type of media.In fact, the development of this 24/7 accessible engineerings allow the pupils to hang around in Facebook ( Fodeman and Monroe, 2009 ) . Therefore, the excessive of Facebook use has become a wont for the pupils that able to convey impact peculiarly on their academic public presentation every bit good as their tint of life. College pupils have finally going the largest user base in Facebook ( Boyd & A Ellison, 2008, p. 214 ) . The old point has been supported by Smith & A Caruson ( 2010 ) who get word found that 95 % of 18 and 19 old ages old college pupils have their ain Facebook profiles.Therefore, the two chief Facebook uses are hedonistic use which able to ensue efficacious motivations and the 2nd merely for leisure intents ( Rouis, 2012 ) . The Facebook use normally involved people from different ages interact and communicate. They use Facebook to portion picture, image, treatment and chew the fating with each others. The younger coevals peculiar pupils have spent up more than 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook. These yearss, pupils spend their clip more on online socialising web like Facebook equate to other socialising activities. Kutjath ( 2011 ) explains that college pupils tend express themselves in Facebook by deriving greater integrating with their friend, accession to new friends and involves in interchanging of information and cognition.However, Rouis ( 2012 ) found that pupils are good concerns about the impact of Facebook to their life. They consider their clip pass on Facebook is of import because it enable them to supply them amusement and socializes with each others. Facebook have besides become a platform for them to rest so that they can execute transgress on the other of import undertaking.This literature sought to understand the battle and the intents of college pupils in Facebook use. Therefore, the liveing subdivision will analyze on the relationship of Facebook use on the academic positions.Facebook use in academic public presentationAcademic public presentations provides as a mean to measure the impact of societal and external properties or environment that related to pupil s academic undertaking and accomplishment. There are a batch of properties that contributes to the academic public presentations of the pupils, and one of the illustrations is the Facebook use ( Rois, 2012 ) .In contrast, Facebook as portion of the pupil s leisure activity is able to better their societal life. However, it has besides been known as a menace on pupil s academic classs. It is predicted that laborious use on Facebook able to caused pupils to less apportion their clip on prep planning ( Hofer, 2007 ) . In add-on, nomadic devices such as smartphones, tablets or laptops are used to surf on Facebook during classroom session that able indirectly put out their attending to the talk.Individual use on the societal networking sites like Facebook hold the same similarity to other sort of computing machine based web. Harmonizing to Kalpidou, Costin & A Morris ( 2007 ) , SNSs like Facebook and Myspace has been diffused to teenager s life and play a major function on their academic public presentations. As we indicated in the old treatment , the two chief attacks of Facebook use are fundamentally useful motivations and leisure intents. If the Facebook use is merely pure useful motivations, it can convey impact positive to the single academic public presentations ( Burton & A Straub, 2006 ) . On the other side, leisure intents on Facebook will do the pupils to entering to this web from different channels and devices along the twenty-four hours. Therefore, the pupil s day-to-day modus operandi will appears participation between their survey motivations which their cognitive burden has been submerged and could non concentrate on their academic undertaking.By sing Facebook use as a leisure purposes that will impact pupils academic public presentation, Madge ( 2009 ) found that Facebook is used chiefly for societal grounds and academic-related intents. Pempek et Al. ( 2009 ) argued that the intent of Facebook use among college pupils is to pass oning with friends while treatment for assignment or prep was the least. Yo unger coevals particularly pupils spent up to 8 hours per twenty-four hours surfing on Facebook daily. Therefore, it increased the form of information flow stress in pupil battle more than in their prep ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In other word, Facebook had caused pupil engage in changeless interactions and socialisation in the platform while debaring their attending from their academic work which prohibit them from concentrating on their academic undertaking.On the other side, 70 % of the college pupils perceived that Facebook would non impact their classs except for heavy use users ( Kaspernski and Duberstein, 2009 ) . Heavy use may impact on their day-to-day modus operandi and caused Facebook dependence. Therefore, Facebook use in academic has been discussed in this subdivision. The following subdivision will reason the story and position by old survey of Facebook use on positive and negative result of Facebook use in academic public presentations. One of the most common techniques of mensurating the academic public presentations is break apart the pupil s ends ( Valle et al. , 2009 ) . Premises have been made that Facebook use as a leisure activity to the pupils will impact their overall academic consequences. In this context, the chief attacks of analysing the academic public presentations is by the meant of focused on the scrutiny and assignment classs of the pupils.Positive impact of Facebook use on academic public presentationsThe impact normally depends on the different utilizations and satisfaction on Facebook among the college pupils. Social networking sites like Facebook are extremely based on the single utilizations and it has the possible to increase the pupil effectivity in academic ( Brady & A Smith, 2010 ) . Pasek ( 2009 ) argued that there is no rotund evidence that Facebook use is impacting the academic public presentations of the third instruction pupils. Hoffman ( 2009 ) explains that the positive properties of Facebook are able to turn out the acquisition environment of the pupils, every bit good as conveying motive to persons.Junco ( 2011 ) determine the same statement that Facebook contribute to the positive impact of academic public presentation. Facebook served as a platform or forum for the college pupils to portion, discuss, and update information that is related to their academic undertaking. Brady ( 2010 ) explains that interchanging information through Facebook is extremely effectual comparison to face-face communicating. The societal networking site like Facebook, Youtube and Twitter are able to convey positive consequence on cognitive and societal accomplishments. Mahadi & A Ubadidulla ( 2012 ) found that it can heighten the linguistic communication of the pupils in the procedure of societal interaction and feedback.Negative impact of Facebook use on academic public presentationsHowever, several surveies have found a negative relationship between Facebook use and pupil s academic public presentations. Exp osure to Facebook hold the inclination to convey overall negative consequence on pupils academic public presentations ( Park et al. , 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Boogart ( 2004 ) and Kirschner & A Duberstein ( 2009 ) highlight that Facebook is able to convey negative deductions such as lowered GPAs when it comes to heavy use. Facebook is able to do distraction consequence to an person. It is able to deflect the pupils to see Facebook profiles when they are making their work. In fact, pupils might travel on-line to look for assignment information and stop up interacting on Facebook ( Rouis, 2012 ) . As a consequence, pupils appear to see degraded on their academic public presentations.As effects, Facebook use may endanger the pupils academic public presentation. Harmonizing to Ohio State University ( 2009 ) argued that there is a relationship exists between Facebook use and academic public presentation. The survey shows that those pupils that used Facebook often tend to hold the lower Grade Point fair(a) ( GPA ) than those who seldom use Facebook. It is because most of the heavy Facebook user frequently holding job on the clip direction on their survey comparison with the light Facebook user. Madge et Al. ( 2009 ) came to the last Facebook for societal intents are able to blow the clip to academic survey by sing as possible negative consequence to the pupils.In fact, Roblyer et Al. ( 2010 ) challenges Facebook function as an educational tool which the survey found out that Facebook usage among faculty and pupils for instructional intents is limited and that popular in academic universe. Furthermore, Hargittai ( 2010 ) has done the survey on negative impact of Facebook use toward pupils academic public presentation. Research shows Facebook will do pupils to lost their involvement and concentration on their prep or assignment. As a effect, its end up with undone or low unscathed tone of work. In add-on, Jackson ( 2008 ) explains that negative impact on acade mic public presentation besides affect by intervention by Facebook utilizations like multitasking. Students are unable to execute expeditiously on multitasking even non count how good they are. The survey besides shows that important consequences which pupils like to utilize Facebook for chew the fating and bet oning the same clip when making assignments. Jacobsen and Forste ( 2011 ) described that Facebook as portion of electronic media is negatively associated with academic classs. The Facebook is able distract pupils on utilizing handphone, laptop in category or while making academic undertaking.Percept of pupils towards Facebook useIn the old surveies, there major two types of consequences shows on college pupil s position toward Facebook use on academic public presentation. Students perceived self ordinance and clip direction accomplishments are of import facets to harbor them from Facebook dependence ( Rouis, 2012 ) . Helou & A Rahim ( 2011 ) found that start of the pupils position that Facebook have positive impact on their academic public presentations even they are reported that the intents of engaged in Facebook are socialisation instead than academic intents. Harmonizing to Gewertz ( 2007 ) , the survey Facebook use on pupil s position is effectual larning tool. It is able to better the interaction between reader and pupils. Therefore, Facebook has peculiar become an effectual tools for college pupils when semen to the job in their assignments. Brady et Al. ( 2010 ) portion the similar findings on the pupil perceptual experience on the impact of Facebook. Majority of the pupils are reported to hold Facebook as their e-learning in their classs alternatively of face to confront communicating.DecisionThis reappraisal reflected up the research inquiry The perceptual experience of Malayan College Students when comes to their Facebook use and academic public presentations. Facebook as a new phenomenon in the society has gain popularity specific amo ng the younger coevals like pupils. Previous surveies have indicated positive and negative result of Facebook. In positive position, Facebook has been view as an of import educational tool to better pupil public presentations, while in the negative position, Facebook is by and large found to be negatively affected pupil classs. However, we assumed that although Facebook has been described as able to convey negative consequence on academic public presentations, the pupils will remedy comprehend Facebook as non impacting on their academic public presentations. Therefore, to to the full understand the impact of Facebook use towards pupils academic public presentations, it is of import to carry on a research survey in position that based on the pupils itself.Chapter 3 MethodologyChapter 3 Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe conceptual model was constructed based on the countries of treatment on the literature reviewed and that will lend to the undermentioned chapter of this survey. Therefo re, this chapter will show the research method and scheme that used to roll up the information in this survey. The chapter starts by explicating the pilot survey, trying method, and research design. The concluding subdivision of this chapter will reason the research process in roll uping the information in this survey.3.2 Pilot StudyPilot survey has precedeed in Tunku Abdul Rahman College Penang Branch Campus. The instruments have been assigned to 20 possible responsives. The information collected was used to minimise and analyse the fall aways in the survey. However, informations collected will non be included as the research determination. Through the pilot survey, one extra inquiry has been suggested by the respondent and therefore it has been added to the questionnaire. Some of the inquiries have been reconstructed to more all-inclusive in term of grammar and linguistic communication. Correction has been made in the reply by supplying more options to the future respondents o f this watch.3.3 Capable and ParticipantsThe questionnaires studies were administrated to 160 respondents and entire 153 return with valid responses. course 4.2.1 summarizes the demographic profiles of the respondents. The respondents were 54 males and 96 female persons. All the respondents were undergraduate pupils runing between 18 and supra 25 old ages old. Despite of the diverseness of ethnicity, pop out of the respondents are Chinese and most of them are Diploma holder.3.4 Sampling methodThe population for this survey was Malayan college pupils. The have was determined by purposive sampling method. A sum of 160 trying size were determine in this survey from 3 different establishments. Respondent must be a Facebook user was used as the basic standards of the purposive sampling method in this survey. To guarantee the quality of the informations collected, the respondents will be ask in verbally whether they have ain Facebook history before carry oning the study. Respondent s will be informed that the informations collected is purely confidential and merely for academic intents. The information such as name, reference work and contact figure will non be included in the study in order to protect the respondents privateness.To obtain the information sing the perceptual experience of the Malaysian college pupils, the establishments were narrowed to the college pupils in private establishments in Penang. The establishments were determined from the list of the best private college in Penang province accorded to Malaysian Quality Evaluation formation ( 2011 ) . The list was obtained by out of 26 private colleges in Penang, the samples will be categorized into 5, 4 and 3 stars in term of overall consequence based tonss and the study will be carried out merely in three colleges. The chosen colleges are KDU Penang College, Han Chiang College and Equator Academy of Art as 5, 4 and 3 starts severally. The ground to choose these 3 colleges is to happen out the different position of the pupils in different military rating degree of colleges.3.5 Research DesignIn this subdivision, the research design is reviewed and discussed in inside informations. The survey was to look into on the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students toward the Facebook use on their academic public presentation. In order to accomplish the research aim, quantitative research has been chosen as the method to roll up the information. The ground is because quantitative research is utile when used to quantify sentiments, locations and behaviours and happen out how the whole population feels about a certain issue ( Suphat Sukamolson, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Creswell ( 1994 ) , quantitative research is basically in explicating a phenomenon by roll uping numerical informations that are analyzed utilizing mathematically based methods. Therefore, to obtaining the perceptual experience and besides the consciousness on the Facebook use and academic public presentations , quantitative research is prove to be more suited. In this research survey, questionnaire study is used as the instrument to roll up the information.The questionnaires study was designed to analyze 3 major countries of ratings consciousness of Facebook use, perceptual experience of Facebook use, and perceived effects on overall academic public presentations ( Appendix B ) . The respondents will have a standardised and consistent set of questionnaires ( Appendix B ) that consists of 15 inquiries. demographics informations such as age, gender, race and instruction degree were collected. Then the inquiries will travel on to one of the research nonsubjective inquiries to happen out the consciousness toward their Facebook use. The manner to mensurate the consciousness of Facebook use is through the respondent s cognition and degree of battle in the Facebook. 5 inquiries constructed in this subdivision such as clip spent on the Facebook daily, intent of utilizing Facebook, location and t he channel that normally logon to Facebook. These inquiries included multiple picks responses the combining of 1 inquiry which the respondents can crap more than an option.The concluding subdivision of the questionnaire study focused on the perceptual experiences of the respondent towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations. The inquiries were designed to turn to on the degree of attitudes towards the certain statements. The sample steps for the construct including development Facebook affect my day-to-day modus operandi.Using Facebook impact my scrutiny consequence.Using Facebook affect my college assignment.Using Facebook impact my category engagement.Using Facebook impact my attending in category.These inquiries drawn a line which the respondents are required to rate in footings of the grade to which it reflects their attitude towards the statement. Likert Scale evaluation system has been used to mensurate construct of the perceptual experience towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations. For case, 5-point categorical graduated table that ranged from strongly differ to strongly hold was used to measure the degree of strength on the statement.3.6 Research ProcedureThe first informations aggregation was implemented get downing 18 November 2012 began at the Equator Academy of Art and traveling on to KDU College and Han Chiang College. It was noted the study was conducted inside the campus of Han Chiang College and chief gate for the other two colleges. Questionnaires studies were distributed to 160 respondents. In order word, a sum of 53 questionnaires have been distributed in each college. However, merely 150 respondents reply will be chosen to bring forth better quality and valid consequences. The intent is to extinguish those failed to react or did non reply wholly in the conducted study.As indicated in the old sampling method, the respondents had been asked verbally whether they have Facebook history. Then we will merely continue on distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. In the procedure of informations aggregation, accounts will be given to the respondents that have job on replying the questionnaires. Finally, each respondent took about 5 proceedingss to complete the questionnaire.In Equator Academy of Art, we started to administer a sum of 53 questionnaires to the college pupils. Finally, the response rate was 100 % . In KDU College, the questionnaires were conducted which 48 out of 54 respondents completed the questionnaire study. Last in Han Chiang College, 52 out of 54 questionnaires have been received in to the full answered respond. Therefore, the overall response rate for the study was 95 % and 153 out of 160 respondents to the full completed the questionnaire study.However, some challenges and jobs have been faced in the survey. The attitude of the respondent is one of the chief jobs faced in the informations aggregation procedure. Some of the respondents are unable to finish th e questionnaire by go forthing space in certain inquiries. There are besides some mistake happened when the respondents tick more than one replies in the inquiry which the direction does non required to make so.3.7 DecisionAs a decision in this chapter, the survey was conducted at three private colleges Equator of Art and Academy, Hanchiang College and KDU College in Penang province. Quantitative research questionnaire study was used to roll up the information from the college pupils. The sampling is determined by utilizing purposive sampling method. Consequences that obtained will be farther discuss and analysis in following chapter.Chapter 4 Finding & A AnalysisChapter 4 Finding & A Analysis4.1 IntroductionThis survey sought to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation utilizing the quantitative research method. The instrument of questionnaires study has been used to roll up the information in three different instruction establishments. Datas were collected in the undermentioned country Demographic profile, Awareness of Facebook Usage and Perception of Facebook use affect on academic public presentations4.2 Demographic ProfileThis subdivision provides the information sing the demographic profile of the study respondents. Four inquiries are asked on the instrument included degree of instruction, race, age and gender. The information presented on the determine 4.1 is the combination consequences of the respondents in 3 different colleges.Degree of instructionPercentageCertificate20 %Diploma65 %Bachelor Degree15 %Others0 %RacePercentageMalay5 %Chinese71 %Indian21 %Others3 %AgePercentage1820 %1913 %2040 %Above 2127 %GenderPercentageMale36 %Female64 % conception 4.2.1 Demographic ProfileThe tabular rank above shows the demographic profile on degree of instruction. Majority 65 % respondents are Diploma holder, while 20 % and 15 % of the respondents are Certificate and Bachelor Deg ree holder severally.The 2nd subdivision of the tabular array above shows the demographic profile on the races. Majority 71 % of the respondents are Chinese, while 21 % are Indian. The consequence besides indicated that 5 % and 3 % of the respondents are Malay and Sikh severally.The undermentioned subdivision of the tabular array above shows the demographic profile on the age. Majority 40 % respondents are 20 old ages old and 27 % respondents are above 21 old ages old. The consequence besides included 20 % and 13 % of the respondents belongs to 18 and 19 old ages old.The concluding subdivision of the tabular array shows the demographic profile on the gender. 64 % of the entire respondents are female while the remainder 36 % are male.4.3 Awareness of Facebook UsageThis subdivision will show the consequences of Awareness of Facebook use of the respondents. All respondents were asked five inquiries sing their use on Facebook. Figure 4.2 Figure 4.6 shows the consequences from these ser ies of inquiries.Figure 4.3.1 Frequency of log on to FacebookThe saloon graph above shows that lot 84 % respondents log on to Facebook daily. 11 % of the respondents logon to Facebook 1-3 times per hebdomad. The consequences besides indicated minority of respondents which merely 4 % of them log on to Facebook 1-3 times per hebdomad. However, merely 1 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to supply the complete reply.Figure 4.3.2 Location of log on to FacebookThe saloon chart above shows that bulk 73.30 % respondents normally log on to Facebook in their place. 11.33 % and 10.60 % of respondents normally logon to Facebook at inn and college severally. The consequence besides shows that merely 4 % of the respondents log on to Facebook in public topographic points. However, 0.66 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to follow the direction of the inquiry.Figure 4.3.3 bloodline used to log on to FacebookThe saloon chart above shows that bulk 40 % res pondents normally log on to Facebook utilizing the computing machine. The consequences indicated that computing machine is the chief channel for pupils to log on to Facebook. 29.33 % and 24 % log on to Facebook through handphone and tabular arraies severally. However, merely 6.66 % of respondents used laptop to logon to Facebook.Figure 4.3.4 Daily Time exhausted on FacebookThe saloon chart above shows that bulk 40 % respondents spend 1-3 hours on Facebook daily. 17.33 % and 13.33 % of the respondents spend more than 6 hours and less than 1 hr on Facebook severally. The consequences besides indicated that 9.33 % of respondents spend 4-6 hours on Facebook daily and 20 % of them are non certain about their day-to-day clip spent on Facebook.Figure 4.3.5 The intents of utilizing FacebookThe inquiry allowed the respondents to take more than one reply. Therefore, the saloon chart above shows the bulk respondents used Facebook for amusement and socialisation intents which are 34.72 % and 3 4.02 % severally. The consequences besides indicated that 24.31 % of the respondents use Facebook to seek for information and 4.17 % used it as recreation. However, 2.77 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to follow the direction of the inquiry.4.4 Percept of Facebook use affect on academic public presentationsThis subdivision of the instrument begins to analyze the respondents perceptual experience of Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Respondent were asked to turn to on the degree of attitudes towards the certain statements. The measuring of the responses is based on the Likert Scale Rating System.IntensityStatementStrongly holdAgreeImpersonalDis fitStrongly differa ) Using Facebook affect my day-to-day modus operandi24 % ( 36 )27 % ( 40 )27 % ( 40 )13 % ( 20 )9 % ( 14 )B ) Using Facebook impact my scrutiny consequence11 %( 16 )13 %( 20 )36 %( 54 )29 %( 44 )11 %( 16 )degree Celsius ) Using Facebook affect my college assignment20 %( 30 )16 %( 24 )29 %( 44 )29 %( 44 )6 %( 8 )vitamin D ) Using Facebook impact my category engagement7 %( 10 )7 %( 10 )28 %( 42 )33 %( 50 )25 %( 38 )vitamin E ) Using Facebook impact my attending in category10 %( 15 )6 %( 9 )29 %( 44 )38 %( 56 )17 %( 26 )Figure 4.4.1 Responses to the inquiry on the perceptual experiences towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations rated with a 5 different strength on Likert graduated table evaluation systemThe figure above shows that 24 % of the respondents strongly add up with the statement Using Facebook impact my day-to-day modus operandi . 27 % of them agree with the statement, 27 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 13 % of them discord with the statement and the remainder 9 % of them strongly protest with the statement.The 2nd figure shows that 11 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement Using Facebook affect my scrutiny consequence . 13 % of them agree with the statement, 36 % of them indicated impers onal to the statement, while 29 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 11 % of them strongly disagree with the statement.The tertiary figure shows that 20 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement Using Facebook affect my college assignment . 16 % of them agree with the statement, 29 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 29 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 6 % of them strongly disagree with the statement.The undermentioned figure shows that merely 7 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement Using facebook impact my category engagement . 7 % of them besides agree with the statement, 28 % of them indicate impersonal to the statement, while 33 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 25 % of them strongly disagree with the statement.The last figure shows that 10 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement Using Facebook affect my attending in category . Merely 6 % agree with the statement, 29 % of them indicate impersonal to the statement, while 38 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 17 % of them strongly disagree with the statement.Figure 4.4.2 Percept of Facebook will impact their overall academic public presentationThe saloon chart above shows that bulk 65.33 % respondents perceived Facebook will non impact their overall academic public presentation. The respondents perceived themselves have good clip direction accomplishments and they are non given to Facebook However, merely 34.66 % of respondents perceived Facebook will impact their overall academic public presentation. The respondents perceived Facebook will deflect them from making their academic undertakings.Chapter 5 Discussion & A ConclusionChapter 5 Discussion & A Conclusion5.1 Summary of surveyThis survey was conducted at three instruction establishments throughout the Penang provinces. As Facebook has become a new phenomenon that had important impact to the life of the college pupils. As pupils use of the Facebook are increasing, so it is of import for the survey to understand on the impact of Facebook use on college pupils. Finally, non much research has been done on researching on the perceptual experience of the beginnings itself which are the pupils on these issues. Therefore, this survey aims to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation.Therefore, one of the cardinal facets of this survey is to foreground the college pupils use on Facebook. The bulk of the pupils log on to the Facebook daily with over 73.30 % of them accesses it from their place. It was besides indicated that, pupils spent up to 1 to 3 hours per twenty-four hours. The bulk of the pupils accesses to Facebook utilizing the computing machine and laptop as it is besides been consider as nomadic personal computing machine. As expected, the pupils uses Facebook are for amusement and socialisat ion intents.The perceptual experiences of the pupils are explored on the Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Students besides indicated understanding on Facebook use will impact on their day-to-day modus operandi. However, the undermentioned responses remain either with impersonal response or being to differ with the statement that Facebook use will impact their academic public presentations. Therefore, it is clearly that most of the pupils perceived that Facebook use will non impact their scrutiny consequences. The perceptual experience of pupils besides noted that Facebook will non impact their overall academic undertaking public presentations included college assignment, category engagement and attending in the category. The ground is because bulk of the pupils perceived themselves have a good clip direction accomplishments. They are able to apportion their clip sagely between Facebook and academic undertaking every bit good as being addicted to Facebook.5.2 Disc ussionAs noted in Chapter 2 Literature Review, exposure to Facebook hold the inclination to convey overall negative consequence on pupils academic public presentations. This survey has applied utilizations and satisfaction theory to explicate the increasingly popularity of Facebook among college pupils. It is note Facebook has been used as tools to carry through college pupil s societal and amusement demands. As a consequence, pupils appear to see negative impact on their academic public presentations. Regardless, heavy use of Facebook tends to do for lower pupil s scrutinies classs. Facebook is able to do distraction consequence on their academic undertaking specific on those pupils that extremely engage in this societal platform. In this context, pupils appear to utilize Facebook for amusement and socialisation intents. The consequences besides display that bulk college pupils are more likely to pass 1 to 3 hr per twenty-four hours on Facebook. This may besides related to the fac t that norm of the college pupils spent up to 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook.Therefore, the current survey therefore provides the perceptual experience of Malayan college pupils toward Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Sing the initial use of the pupils in this platform, this survey noted that Facebook has been perceived that it will non do negative impact to their academic public presentations. Although Facebook has been indentify as the tools for amusement and socialisation, self ordinance such as good clip direction is able prevent pupils from Facebook dependence. Therefore, pupils are able to apportion their clip sagely apportion their clip on Facebook. The current survey consequences besides present that pupils are non the heavy users of Facebook. Therefore, it might be one of the possible deductions that Facebook uses are non the chief ground that will impact on their academic public presentations. Student have besides been reported that they norm ally log on to Facebook at their place alternatively of college. College pupils are more likely to less on-line to Facebook during the category. This indicated that, Facebook use has been perceived that will non impact their engagement and attending during the category.5.3 DecisionThis survey presents the perceptual experience of college pupils on Facebook use toward their academic public presentations. In fact, battle on Facebook has been measured as the variables of finding the consciousness of Facebook use. The theoretical model suggested that long clip spent on Facebook will negatively impact pupil s academic public presentations. As a decision, the survey premises provide noteworthy consequences in Malayan context. Despite Facebook has been described as a possible negative consequence on pupil overall academic public presentations, in pupils perceptual experience, Facebook will non convey any negative consequence to their overall academic public presentations. Based on the con sequences, self ordinances such as good clip direction accomplishment has been viewed as the bar for this result.5.4 Limitation of surveyThis subdivision sought to name out the rampart exists in this survey. First, this survey is limited to pupils in merely three colleges. Due to clip and resources restraints, the survey can merely be conducted in the limited country. In fact, there are some demographics that become of import consideration when researching the perceptual experience of college pupils in this three instruction establishments. The bulk of the respondents are the Chinese and female populations.In add-on, the survey is besides limited to the figure of responses of the pupils. Merely a sum of 160 questionnaires have been distributed to the respondents due to the clip restraints. The larger samples are required to be sufficiently stand foring the result of the whole population. Therefore, it is unreasonable to confidently generalise these consequences to users with differ ent demographic or cultural contexts.5.5 Suggestion for future researchIn responses to the confinement above, the country of research should research more specifically on with Facebook impact of Malaysia college pupils. The research is able to carry on in larger population trying in the hereafter. In add-on to that, future survey may besides prove on the perceptual experience of the general populace on Facebook use. More or less, the research country have to be conducted in larger country included the different demographic position. Furthermore, comparative survey between Malaysian college pupils and other civilization context can be conducted to measure the relationship of Facebook use and academic public presentations. Last, qualitative research can be conduct in order to obtain a more in-depth apprehension on the Facebook use of the college pupils.