Spoken language vs written language

Spoken linguistic process vs written languageThes is statementIt is more(prenominal) difficult to understand the verbalize language than the written language for nigh reasons.Annotated BibliographyRidgway, T. (2000). Listening strategies- I beg your pardon? ELT Journal Volume 54/2Oxford Oxford University cutIn the essay, Tony Ridgway writes active the basic differences between the spoken and the written language, furthermore, he clarifies the main disparities between spoken and written texts. In the centre of his work, he examines wheter the the skills and strategies which people use during reading could be transported into auditory modality. In a separate paragraph, he explains what startegy means exactly, because according to him, there is murkiness with it. Ridgway deals with the question of conscious auditory sense and direct listening strategy, because in his view, it is unrealistic to do it directly. Afterwards, he tells his opinion about the importance of practising. At last, he explains the authentic texts, which means that realistic situations should appear in listening tasks. At the end, Ridgway summarises the topic of the essay in the practical consequences.Field, J. (2000). Not waving exactly drowning a reply to Tony Ridgway ELT Journal Volume 54/2Oxford Oxford University PressIn his essay, John Field deals with the same topic like Tony Ridgway, however he has a different opinion, so this is a critical reflection. thither are ideas of Ridgway in which Field couples with him, but not so many. He rather lists the assuptions of Ridgway, for example equality of texts, the question of transferring skills from the first language into the second, and the puzzle with simplified texts. Furthermore, he introduces two types of students the risk-taker and the risk-avoider. He also expresses dissatisfaction about nigh definitions of Ridgway, like strategy, strategy types and skills. Afterwards, he summarises Ridgways main arguments and writes his own opinion about them. At the end of the essay, he explains Ridgways solution and tells, why he cannot agree with him.The National Capital Language Resource Center. (2003, 2004) Strategies for Developing Listening Skills. commandment Listening. Washington, DCRetrieved from http//www.nclrc.org/essentials/listening/stratlisten.htmThe target of this article is to help students developing their listening strategies. According to the writer, listening is a really important part of language learning, but it needs to improve it. Students can easily generate expose results with the following strategies top-down, which means a listener based strategy, when students are familiar with the background of the text, and bottom-up, which means a text based strategy, when students listening for particular proposition details and word-order patterns. The writer also mentions a metacognitive strategy, which means the preparation for the listening method and evaluate it. Afterwards, four basis steps are minded(p) to realize the aim listening to meaning. These steps include figuration the purpose, selection the pertinent pieces, selection an appropiate strategy and check of comprehension.